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With brilliant clearness of view the author has reduced the subject to its fundamentals; and in so doing he has written a document of long-time value. For the complex theories and rules of the recent past he substitutes a simple statement calling for two steps: first, the selection of a concrete paste of a known degree of wetness, which according to Abrams' well-known law predetermines the qualities of the final concrete; and second, the addition of sand and stone in amounts that will fill this paste as thoroughly as possible and produce a fully plastic, workable mass. Note the significant last clause its full meaning, emphasized farther on, carries the key to the statement of concrete doctrine. Nothing could be simpler. And a striking feature of the matter is that practical field judgment appears to be the best (if not the only) guide in deciding on the second step. Thus the practical concrete man returns to his own, but with greater power; instead of having to depend on unaided experience he now has a definite yardstick by which to rate his material—namely, the water content of his paste.

Perhaps one of the points of greatest value of the entire doctrine is that it tends to restore the field worker's confidence in his practical judgment. It shows him that his intuitions still are valid, and that he therefore has a real responsibility for results in the quality and appearance of concrete. It is worth noticing that the new statement of principles is derived from a new conception of concrete-making. In the past it has been customary to conceive of concrete as something produced by taking a mass of concrete aggregate and filling its interstices with a mortar, which in turn was produced by taking a mass of sand and filling it with cement. The conception on which Mr. McMillan bases his statement of principles is the reverse of this: a batch of paste of fixed water ratio is prepared, and the concrete aggregates are then embedded in the paste. The new conception is as significant in its practical application as it is logical in its relation to the chemical and mechanical factors involved. In reading the statement of principles some associated facts will occur to anyone who follows the author's exposition closely.

One of them is that workability will not always mean just the same thing; its meaning will vary slightly with the conditions of placement, though, of course, it may never be stretched include a distinctly wet mix, nor a dry mix except when thorough tamping or equivalent mechanical consolidation is to be used. Another and even more important fact is that, after all, the most suitable wetness of the paste and the best amount and grading of the concrete aggregates are not independent variables. They influence each other markedly. But any attempt to evaluate both variables by one single step is likely to fail in practice. One of the two variables must be fixed upon first, at least tentatively, and the other then determined from it, subject perhaps to a readjustment on second trial. In the practice of recent years the attempt was usually made to determine first the concrete aggregate combination. Mr. McMillan by reversing this practice makes what seems almost a stroke of genius, but after all something eminently sane and sensible, since it begins the concrete-making process with the active element, the cement paste, to which the concrete aggregates serve only as diluents and as body-forming additions. One term bound up in the statement of principle is perhaps more important than any other: the term plastic homogeneous mixture. As soon as the reader has thoroughly grasped the significance of this term he will be beyond danger of missing the author's essential instruction. A plastic and homogeneous mixture is freely but sluggishly mobile, is full throughout, and is proof against segregation so far as the immutable laws of gravity permit.

Are You in Templeton Massachusetts? Do You Need Concrete Cutting?

We Are Your Local Concrete Cutting Company

Call 508-283-3135

We Service all surrounding Cities & Towns.